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Western Civilizations

Western Civilizations


Part 1

1. On April 6, 1793 the National Convention created the Committee of Public Safety. It established the decision-making government of France, which functioned from 1793 to 1794 (the Reign of Terror period) during the French Revolution. Under the state of war and being in danger of national elimination, the Jacobins with Robespierre as a leader held out accusations, tribunals, and executions. The conduct of these dealing was directed by the group of twelve members. This committee was liable for a great number the death sentence implementations, the largest part by the means of guillotine; for this reason the time was called the "Reign of Terror". The grounds for being executed were charges of being an ally of monarchy or an opponent of the revolution. The Committee of Public Safety came to a close in 1795.

2. The European Revolutions of 1848 are also called the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution in some states. These were radically-oriented upsurges that exploded in Sicily and, followed by the French revolution of 1848, almost immediately expanded to the other European countries and reached Brazil. The reason for revolts was a sequence of economic depressions and harvest breakdowns that resulted in the lower layers of population having nothing to eat. Even though the instant upshots of the mutinies were temporary, there remained permanent bequests.

3. Having a title of "An Act to prevent Unlawful Combinations of Workmen", the Combination Act of 1799, banned trade guilds and cooperative dealing conducted by British workers. One year later there followed a supplementary act. Compassion for the difficulties of the working people resulted in the cancellation of the acts in 1824. It was Francis Place, the radical tailor, whose petition plays a great part in this accomplishment. Altogether these decrees are identified as the Combination Laws. The approval of the initial acts was executed by William Pitt the Younger, who was alarmed by the undertakings of Jacobites, which could have encouraged people to protest in order to make the authority comply with their claims. The bylaws, therefore, brought the labor unions underground. In spite of this, the following chain of strikes lead to the Combination Act of 1825 to be approved. Although the regulations accepted the existence of labor unions, they sternly limited their actions.

4. The Congress of Vienna was a summit of representatives from the main European powers, which was presided over by the Austrian governor Klemens Wenzel von Metternich. The conference took place in Vienna, Austria and endured for several months - from September 1, 1814 to June 9, 1815. The objective of the congress was to make adjustments in the Europe's political map as a result of the Napoleon's downfall in preceding year. In spite of Napoleon I's coming back from deportation and his recommencement of command in France, which happened in March 1815, Vienna's negotiations carried on. Ultimately, the Congress's Final Act was signed just nine days prior to his absolute conquest at Waterloo on June 18, 1815. To be exact, one may say that the Congress of Vienna was never held, because the Congress never gathered for plenary meetings, having all of the debates conducted in informal assemblies among the Great Powers. The Congress was interested in re-establishing the entire structure of Europe subsequently to the Napoleonic wars, making an exception for the requisites of peace with France, which had earlier been determined by the Treaty of Paris in May 30, 1814.

5. German Burschenschaften are a distinctive form of student sorority (Studentenverbindungen), which were created in the nineteenth century as societies of university students enthused by noninterventionist and patriotic notions. These unions performed various social tasks and purposes. Nevertheless, the most significant objective for Burschenschaften was to promote allegiance to the conception of a unified German national state. These ideas conventionally belong to the romanticism movement, which in case of Germany was termed as Burschenschaften romanticism. The student fraternities are still active nowadays, majority of these groups are arranged in the Deutsche Burschenschaft union of the Federal Republic of Germany and Austria.


Part 2

Among the defined terms, I have chosen the Congress of Vienna and the Burschenschaften romanticism, for they have one major issue in common, or, more properly saying, one major personality. That is, Klemens Wenzel von Metternich. As it was already mentioned in the first part of the paper, he was the main negotiator during the Vienna Congress. Moreover, Metternich was the one who offered to create the Confederation of German states. This fact leads us to the second term. The majority of German natives were dissatisfied with the Confederation form created by Metternich, because of its highly limiting outcomes on citizens' life. Discontented people wanted the freedom of press, ability to arm themselves, right to take part in political issues, and a creation of national parliament. The nationalistic requests spread through middle class youth, resulting in emergence of the defined above Burschenschaften. This romanticism movement was quickly and severely responded by Klemens Metternich, though. He convinced the Confederation Diet to release the Carlsbad Decrees, which not only disbanded the Burschenschaft leagues, but also confronted the liberal press, and acutely constrained intellectual freedom. Thus, one can see that the connection between the Congress of Vienna and the Burschenschaften romanticism movement is in the antagonism of these terms.





Works Cited
Viault, HYPERLINK "http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=si3_rdr_bb_author/104-2549979-0047927?index=books&field%2dauthor%2dexact=Birdsall%20S%2e%20Viault" Birdsall S. HYPERLINK "http://www.amazon.com/Modern-European-History-Birdsall-Viault/dp/0070674531/ref=si3_rdr_bb_product/104-2549979-0047927?ie=UTF8" Modern European History. McGraw-Hill, 1990.
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Posted by: Julia Vann

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